Fig. 4. Histological images of nsIRE (A) and esIRE (B, C) ablation with different frequencies demonstrate comparable (1) post-ablation changes of vascular congestion and markedly increased influx of immune cells, early evidence of cell death including karyorrhexis, karyopyknosis, and cell shrinkage, (2) well-demarcated margins of ablation with complete cell death within the ablation zone and (3) preservation of scaffoldings of large blood vessels and bile ducts (H&E stain, ×5). IRE, irreversible electroporation; PPM, pulses per minute; nsIRE, non-synchronized irreversible electroporation; esIRE, electrocardiogram-synchronized irreversible electroporation.
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